My guess would be the best quality at an given same bit rate would be:
1. .cda (the cd itself of course)
2. .flac (lossless)
3. .ogg
4. .m4a
5. .wma
6. .mp3
Maybe someone could verify this for me, so I can burn my cds at the highest quality for Audiosurf.
Quality wise, you're close.
Technically FLAC and CDA should be identical, and WAV will be in this category as well, what happens in reality depends on the FLAC encoder and settings, but yeah, any changes would be unnoticeable by even the most zealous audiophile. At this end it depends more on your sound card hardware and the decoder than the file format.
M4A is a fringe case since the m4a is a bastardised extension for the mp4
container format and as such can hold numerous codecs. The most common being ALAC and AAC. ALAC is in the same category as FLAC/CDA/WAV as it's Apple's lossless format, AAC is one of the newer lossy compression formats, so comes in with OGG and WMA.
OGG/AAC/WMA you'll get around the same quality provided you use a sensible bitrate. This also applies to higher MP3 bitrates, but you'll have large MP3 files then. These formats are all technically superior to MP3 but less widely supported. OGG also has the additional benefit of being free from licence and patent restrictions, which makes it an excellent choice from an open source perspective for those not into FLAC.
Which just leave MP3s which are the lowest common denominator. Supported by everything, one of the earliest formats around and restricted in many ways with multiple audio artifacts and issues at 128kbps, but good enough for cheap headphones on dodgy mp3 players.
As to how they perform in Audiosurf, generally the lower the bitrate, the higher the traffic. I'm guessing this is due to noise introduced that's undetectable by the human ear but I may be wrong. It doesn't apply for all tracks either, but generally you'll get a little more traffic for a 128kbps mp3 than you will for a FLAC. But the FLAC will be more pleasant to listen to. From that perspective there's nothing stopping you generating a .ash file with the mp3 and using it for the FLAC file.
